The structural integrity of concrete infrastructure relies directly on anchorages to transfer loads between components. This review examines 107 prominent recent studies on the design, experimental testing, and numerical modeling of cast-in and post-installed anchors, aiming to provide a cohesive overview of current trends, methodological limitations, and emerging challenges in this field. A primary focus is the Concrete Capacity Design (CCD) method, the foundational framework for modern codes such as ACI 318 and EN 1992-4. While widely adopted for its simplicity, experimental evidence shows the CCD method does not consistently capture true anchor behavior, exhibiting clear limitations with large embedment depths, high-strength concrete, and novel materials. The paper also investigates headed reinforcement in beam-column joints as a highly efficient alternative to conventional hooked bars, evaluating the impact of head geometry and confining reinforcement on joint performance. Furthermore, the increasing use of post-installed systems, particularly adhesive and screw anchors, has introduced complex failure modes that classical Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics (LEFM) cannot adequately explain. Accordingly, this study reviews advanced 3D finite element modeling techniques, emphasizing the Concrete Damaged Plasticity (CDP) model and microplane approaches for simulating nonlinear anchorage behavior. A synthesis of the literature ultimately reveals that a scarcity of long-term empirical data and comprehensive models for deep embedment, combined loading conditions, and advanced materials remains a significant barrier. Developing unified predictive models and performance-based design frameworks is therefore essential for advancing future research in this field.