Vehicle collision with reinforced concrete (RC) bridge piers is a highly probable event; therefore, ensuring the safety of RC bridges against the effects of such impacts is of significant importance. The main objective of this study is the numerical assessment of various retrofitting techniques, including Fiber Reinforced Polymer (FRP) wraps, concrete jacketing, and steel jacketing, in mitigating damage to RC bridge piers under vehicle impact. The specific objectives of this research include investigating the effects of different FRP types (CFRP, GFRP, and AFRP), evaluating the performance of concrete jacketing, and examining the influence of steel jacketing on the pier’s response under impact loading. In this study, eight models—comprising RC piers retrofitted with steel jackets, concrete jackets, and FRP wraps—were developed in the Abaqus finite element software at various velocities and subjected to vehicle collision loading. Based on the results, the impact velocity of the vehicle is a highly critical factor in the extent of damage sustained by the bridge piers. Increasing the thickness of steel jackets, concrete jackets, and CFRP wraps enhances the shear capacity of the pier and reduces the resulting deformation. Furthermore, the maximum shear force in piers retrofitted with steel jackets of 5, 10, and 15 mm thickness was found to be approximately 27%, 33%, and 38% higher than that of the unretrofitted pier, respectively. In the unretrofitted pier and those strengthened with AFRP and GFRP wraps, the ultimate material stress was reached; however, in the pier retrofitted with CFRP wraps, the stress in the reinforcement bars remained below their ultimate limit. The maximum shear force of the pier retrofitted with a concrete jacket was approximately 37% higher than that of the unretrofitted pier. In comparison, the deformation of the concrete-jacketed pier was reduced by approximately 71% compared to the unretrofitted case.