بررسی تغییرمکان لرزه‌ای دیوار میخکوبی شده تحت زلزله های حوزه نزدیک با استفاده از مدل رفتاری سخت شونده کرنش کوچک

نوع مقاله : علمی - پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 کارشناسی ارشد ژئوتکنیک/ دانشکده فنی و مهندسی/ دانشگاه بین المللی امام خمینی(ره)/ قزوین/ ایران

2 دانشیار/دانشکده فنی و مهندسی/ دانشگاه بین المللی امام خمینی (ره)/قزوین/ ایران

3 دستیار پژوهشی/ پژوهشگاه بین المللی زلزله شناسی و مهندسی زلزله/ تهران/ ایران

چکیده

در پژوهش حاضر تأثیر رکوردهای حوزه نزدیک پالس‌دار و بدون پالس بر جابه‌جایی و نیروی محوری میخ، در دیوار میخ‌کوبی شده مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است. رکوردهای حوزه نزدیک پالس‌دار تحت عوامل فیزیکی مانند اثر جهت‌پذیری پیش‌رونده ، جابه‌جایی ماندگار ، اثر فرادیواره و... ایجاد می‌شوند که دارای یک پالس با دامنه بزرگ و با زمان تناوب متوسط تا بلند است که عمده انرژی ناشی از گسیختگی گسل را در بر می‌گیرد. برای بررسی اثرات رکوردهای حوزه نزدیک توسط روش اجزاء محدود و با استفاده از مدل رفتاری HSS به دلیل درنظرگرفتن اثر کرنش‌های کوچک و میرایی هیسترسیس، استفاده شده است. در این پژوهش از بانک لرزه‌ای سانگ و رودریگز در سال 2015 مشتمل بر ۶۲ رکورد حوزه نزدیک پالس‌دار و بدون پالس مورداستفاده قرار گرفته است. نتایج به دست آمده نشان دادند که دیوار های میخ کوبی شده عملکرد مناسبی در برابر بارهای لرزه ای دارند و رکوردهای پالس‌دار تأثیر مستقیمی بر نیروی محوری و جابه‌جایی دیوار میخ‌کوبی شده دارد، همچنین نیروی محوری میخ‌ها و جابه‌جایی‌ها در رکوردهای پالس‌دار همبستگی مناسبی با پارامتر PGV (بیشینه سرعت زمین)، نیروی محوری میخ‌ها در رکوردهای بدون پالس با پارامتر I_a (شدت آریاس) و جابه‌جایی بدون پالس با پارامتر لرزه ای PGV دارا بود.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

Investigation of seismic displacement of nailed wall under near field earthquakes using hardening soil with small strain behavioral model

نویسندگان [English]

  • milad mesrabadi 1
  • Alireza Ardakani 2
  • Ali Lashgari 3
1 MS of Geotechnic, Faculty of Engineering & Technology, Imam Khomeini International University, Qazvin, Iran
2 Associate Professo.Faculty of Engineering & Technology. Imam Khomeini International University. Qazvin. Iran
3 Research Assistant, International Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Seismology, Tehran, Iran
چکیده [English]

In this study, the effect of pulse like and non-pulsed near field records on the displacement and axial force of the nail in the soil nail wall has been investigated. Pulse liked records are created under physical factors such as the effect of Forward directivity, Fling Step, the effect Hanging wall, etc., A pulse has a large amplitude with medium to long period, which contains most of the energy due to fault rupture. It has been used to investigate the effects of near-field records by the finite element method and by using the HSS behavioral model due to considering the effect of small strains and hysteresis damping. In this research, Song and Rodrigues seismic bank in 2015 including 62 pulsed and non-pulsed near field records has been used.

The obtained results showed that the soil nailed walls have good performance against seismic loads. pulsed records have a direct effect on the axial force and displacement of the nailed wall, also the axial force of the nails and displacements in the pulsed records have a good correlation with the PGV (peak ground velocity) parameter, the axial force of the nails in the non-pulsed records with the parameter It had Ia (Arias intensity) and non-pulse displacement with seismic parameter PGV.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Soil nailed wall
  • Near field motion
  • Displacement
  • Hardening soil with small strain material model
  • Pulse like and non pulse record
  • Lazarte, C.A., et al. 2015. Geotechnical engineering circular No.7 soil nail walls-reference manual. US Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration.
  • Felio, G., et al. 1990. Performance of soil nailed walls during the October 17, 1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake. in Proceedings of the 43rd Canadian geotechnical conference, Quebec, Canada.
  • Bathurst, R. 1997. Review of seismic design, analysis and performance of geosynthetic reinforced walls, slopes and embankments. Earth reinforcement, p887-918.
  • Shen, C., et al. 1981. An in situ earth reinforcement lateral support system. NASA STI/Recon Technical Report N. 82, p26520
  • Schlosser, F. 1989. Le projet national CLOUTERRE. in ANNALES DE L'INSTITUT TECHNIQUE DU BATIMENT ET DES TRAVAUX PUBLICS.
  • Tufenkjian Mark, R. and M. Vucetic. 2000. Dynamic Failure Mechanism of Soil-Nailed Excavation Models in Centrifuge. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering. 126(3), p227-235.
  • Dashtara, H., et al. 2019. Numerical Investigation on the Displacements and Failure Mechanism of Soil-Nailed Structures in Seismic Conditions. in Geo-Congress 2019: Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics. American Society of Civil Engineers Reston, VA.
  • Hong, Y.-S., et al. 2005. Shaking table tests and stability analysis of steep nailed slopes. Canadian Geotechnical Journal. 42(5), p1264-1279.
  • Sahoo, S., B. Manna, and K.G. Sharma . 2021. Shaking Table Tests to Evaluate the Seismic Performance of Soil Nailing Stabilized Embankments. International Journal of Geomechanics. 21(4), p04021036.
  • Sahoo, S., B. Manna, and K.G. Sharma. 2015. Stability analysis of steep nailed slopes under seismic condition using 3-D finite element method. International Journal of Geotechnical Engineering. 9(5),p536-540.
  • Rawat, P. and K. Chatterjee. 2018. Seismic Stability Analysis of Soil Slopes Using Soil Nails. Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics V, p79-87.
  • Moniuddin, M.K., P. Manjularani, and L. Govindaraju. 2016. Seismic analysis of soil nail performance in deep excavation. International Journal of Geo-Engineering. 7(1), p1-10.
  • Panah, A.K. and S. Majidian. 2013. 2D numerical modelling of soil-nailed structures for seismic improvement. Geomechanics & engineering. 5(1), p37-55.
  • Yazdandoust, M. 2019. Shaking table modeling of MSE/soil nail hybrid retaining walls. Soils and Foundations. 59(2), p241-252.
  • KOMAKPANAH, A. and S. MAJIDIAN. 2016. VERIFICATION OF A STATIC NONLINEAR ANALYSIS METHOD FOR ESTIMATION OF SOIL-NAILED RETAINING WALLS SEISMIC DEFORMATIONS. SHARIF: CIVIL ENINEERING. 32-2(1),p 116-107.
  • Komak Panah, A. and S. Majidian. 2017. Non-linear 2DOF system for efficient seismic analysis of vertical soil-nailed walls. European Journal of Environmental and Civil Engineering. 21(11), p 1301-1325.
  • Majidian, S., B. Alinejad, and A. Golshani. 2022. Effects of forepoling, nailing and micropiling on the behaviour of a two-storey tunnel. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Ground Improvement, p 1-16.
  • Zamiran, S., H. Ghojavand, and H. Saba. 2012. Numerical Analysis of Soil Nail Walls under Seismic Condition in 3D Form Excavations. Applied Mechanics and Materials. 204-208, p2671-2676.
  • Hudson, D.E. and G.W. Housner. 1958. An analysis of strong-motion accelerometer data from the San Francisco earthquake of March 22, 1957. Bulletin of the seismological society of America. 48(3), p253-268.
  • Mokhtari, M., K. Barkhordari, and S. Abbasi. 2020 . A Comparative Study of the Seismic Response of Soil-Nailed Walls under the Effect of Near-fault and Far-fault Ground Motions. Journal of Engineering Geology. 13(5), p 121-146.
  • Somerville, P.G., et al. 1997. Modification of empirical strong ground motion attenuation relations to include the amplitude and duration effects of rupture directivity. Seismological research letters. 68(1), p 199-222.
  • Mavroeidis, G., G. Dong, and A. Papageorgiou. 2004. Nearfault ground motions, and the response of elastic and inelastic singledegreeoffreedom (SDOF) systems. Earthquake Engineering & Structural Dynamics. 33(9), p 1023-1049.
  • Lashgari, A., Y. Jafarian, and A. Haddad. 2020 . A coupled stick-slip-rotation model for earthquake-induced sliding displacement of slopes in Iran. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 135: p 106199.
  • Mohammad Zaki, M.F., et al. 2015. Analysis of soil nailing under earthquake loading in malaysia using finite element method. in Applied Mechanics and Materials. Trans Tech Publ.
  • Callisto, L., A. Amorosi, and S. Rampello. 1999. The influence of pre-failure soil modelling on the behaviour of open excavations. in Twelfth European Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering (Proceedings) The Netherlands Society of Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering; Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management; AP van den Berg Machinefabriek; Fugro NV; GeoDelft; Holland Railconsult.
  • Benz, T. 2006. Small-strain stiffness of soils and its numerical consequences (Ph. D. Thesis). Germany: University of Stuttgart.
  • Vucetic, M., M. Tufenkjian, and M. Doroudian. 1993. Dynamic centrifuge testing of soil-nailed excavations. Geotechnical Testing Journal. 16(2), p172-187.
  • Brinkgreve, R., M. Kappert, and P. Bonnier. 2007. Hysteretic damping in a small-strain stiffness model. of Num. Mod. in Geomech., NUMOG X, Rhodes. p737-742.
  • Brinkgreve, R.B.J., Engin, E., Swolfs, W. M., Waterman, D., Chesaru, A., Bonnier, P. G., & Galavi, V. 2020. Material Models Manual , Plaxis , CONNECT Edition V04.
  • Lees, A. 2016. Geotechnical Finite Element Analysis. ICE publishing.
  • Lysmer, J. and R.L. Kuhlemeyer. 1969. Finite dynamic model for infinite media. Journal of the Engineering Mechanics Division. 95(4), p 859-877.
  • Atkinson, J. and G. Sallfors. 1991. Experimental determination of soil properties. General Report to Session 1. in 10th ECSMFE, Florence.
  • Bolt, B.A.1971 . The san fernando valley, california, earthquake of february 9 1971: Data on seismic hazards. Bulletin of the seismological society of America. 61(2),p 501-510.
  • Bertero, V.V., S.A. Mahin, and R.A. Herrera. 1978. Aseismic design implications of nearfault San Fernando earthquake records. Earthquake engineering & structural dynamics. 6(1), p31-42.
  • Iwan, W. 1997. Drift spectrum: measure of demand for earthquake ground motions. Journal of structural engineering. 123(4), p 397-404.
  • Alavi, B. and H. Krawinkler. 2001. Effects of near-fault ground motions on frame structures. John A. Blume Earthquake Engineering Center Stanford.
  • Menun, C. and Q. Fu. 2002. An analytical model for near-fault ground motions and the response of SDOF systems. in Proceedings, 7th US National Conference on Earthquake Engineering.
  • Makris, N. and C.J. Black. 2004. Dimensional analysis of bilinear oscillators under pulse-type excitations. Journal of Engineering Mechanics. 130(9), p1019-1031.
  • Akkar, S., U. Yazgan, and P. Gülkan. 2005. Drift estimates in frame buildings subjected to near-fault ground motions. Journal of Structural Engineering. 131(7), p. 1014-1024
  • Luco, N. and C.A. Cornell. 2007. Structure-specific scalar intensity measures for near-source and ordinary earthquake ground motions. Earthquake Spectra. 23(2), p 357-392.
  • Stewart, J.P., et al. 2002. Ground motion evaluation procedures for performance-based design. Soil dynamics and earthquake engineering. 22(9-12), p 765-772.
  • Mavroeidis, G.P. and A.S. Papageorgiou. 2003. A mathematical representation of near-fault ground motions. Bulletin of the seismological society of America 93(3): ,p 1099-1131.
  • Somerville, P.G. 2003. Magnitude scaling of the near fault rupture directivity pulse. Physics of the earth and planetary interiors. 137(1-4), p 201-212.
  • Fu, Q. and C. Menun. 2004. Seismic-environment-based simulation of near-fault ground motions. in Proceedings of the 13th world conference on earthquake engineering.
  • Baker, J.W. 2007. Quantitative classification of near-fault ground motions using wavelet analysis. Bulletin of the seismological society of America. 97(5), p. 1486-1501
  • Song, J. and A. Rodriguez-Marek. 2015 . Sliding displacement of flexible earth slopes subject to near-fault ground motions. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering. 141(3), p04014110.
  • Wu, Y. and S. Prakash. 1996. On seismic displacements of rigid retaining walls. Analysis and design of retaining structures against earthquakes. 21-37..