شناسایی و تبیین عوامل موثر بر پیچیدگی محیطی پروژه‌های مشارکت عمومی خصوصی مطالعه موردی: قراردادهای مشارکت آزادراهی ایران

نوع مقاله : علمی - پژوهشی

نویسندگان

1 دانشجوی دکتری رشته مدیریت پروژه و ساخت، دانشکده هنر، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، ایران

2 دانشیار دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، دانشکده هنر، دانشگاه تربیت مدرس، ایران

چکیده

با مطرح شدن تئوری‌های توسعه، بخش عمومی همواره مترصد جذب بخش خصوصی برای مشارکت در احداث پروژه‌های زیربنایی است. فرآیند مشارکت در کشورهای توسعه یافته از مشکلات کمتر، و در کشورهای در حال توسعه، با موانع و مشکلات عمیق‌تری مواجه است. در این کشورها و ازجمله ایران، به رغم استقبال مناسب اولیه، پیچیدگی‌ها و چالش‌های متعدد، عملکرد پروژه و در نتیجه ادامه مشارکت را تحت تاثیر قرار داده است. پژوهش حاضر به منظور شناسایی و تبیین عوامل پیچیدگی محیط پروژه‌های مشارکت بخش‌های عمومی و خصوصی در قراردادهای ساخت، بهره‌برداری و انتقال (BOT) انجام شد. در این پژوهش از استراتژی مطالعه موردی چندگانه برای مطالعه عمیق و میدانی پروژه‌های مشارکت آزادراهی استفاده شد. هر مورد به طور تفصیلی مورد مطالعه قرار گرفت و سپس داده-های پژوهش توسط استراتژی نظریه داده‌بنیاد مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفت. محصول اصلی این پژوهش، مدل پارادایمی آسیب-شناسی پروژه‌های مشارکت آزادراهی است. در این مدل، پدیده محوری، نارضایتی بخش خصوصی از عدم‌قطعیت‌های هزینه، زمان و درآمد آزادراه منبعث از محیط پیچیده پروژه شناسایی شد. مهم‌ترین عوامل علّی و محرک پیچیدگی محیطی، تاثیر ناپایداری‌های اقتصادی، سیاسی و حقوقی، همراه با چالش‌های فرهنگی و اجتماعی که فضایی با ابهام زیاد و پرریسک را بوجود آورده‌اند، به دست آمد. عوامل بسترساز مانند ناهمسویی در قوانین، ضعف‌های قراردادی، سیستم بانکی ضد توسعه و در نهایت نابالغی طرفین مشارکت، شناسایی شدند. عوامل مداخله‌گر در انتخاب راهکارهای تعاملی، همچون عدم وجود بازار مناسب طرح‌های سرمایه‌گذاری، نفوذ نهادهای قدرتمند، پای‌بند نبودن به تعهدات و عدم وجود طرح جامع حمل و نقل، مورد تاکید کنشگران بود. بر اساس این پژوهش، مهم‌ترین پیامدهای پیچیدگی در محیط پروژه، ابتدا افزایش بی‌اعتمادی و سپس ابهام در تحقق بازگشت سرمایه شناسایی شدند.

کلیدواژه‌ها

موضوعات


عنوان مقاله [English]

Identifying and Explaining the Effecting Factors in Environmental Complexity of Public Private Partnership Projects Case Study: Freeway Partnership Contracts of Iran

نویسندگان [English]

  • seyed mohammad mahdi mirmoezzi 1
  • mohammad hossein sobhiyah 2
1 University of Elm o Farhang (USC.ac.ir), Tehran, Iran
2 Project management and construction department, Art faculty, TMU university,
چکیده [English]

The public sector has always sought to attract the private sector to partnership in the construction of infrastructure projects. The process of partnering in developed countries have less problems, while in developing countries, it faces with more serious barriers and problems. In these countries, including Iran, in spite of the proper initial reception, numerous complexities and challenges have affected project performance and also continuity partnership. This research was performed to identify the factors of environmental complexity of the projects involved public and private sectors in build, operate and transfer contracts (BOT). Multiple case study strategy was used for deep study of freeway projects. Each case was studied in detail and then the research data were analyzed by grounded theory strategy. The main product of this research is the paradigmatic model of the pathology of freeway partnership projects. In this model, the axial phenomenon was identified the private sector's dissatisfaction duo to uncertainties in cost, time and revenue of the freeway. The causal conditions were found the economical, political, and legal instabilities along with the cultural and social challenges in project environment. Context conditions were identified such as mismatches in the rules, contractual weaknesses, banking system, and finally, immaturity. Intervening conditions were obtained such as the lack of suitable market for investment projects, the influence of powerful institutions, lack of commitment and lack of a national transportation plan. According to this research, the most important outcomes of complexity were obtained increased distrust and increased ambiguity of return on investment.

کلیدواژه‌ها [English]

  • Public Private Partnership
  • Built Operate Transfer Contract
  • Complexity
  • Risk
  • Uncertainty
  • Freeway
  • Grounded Theory

 

[1]           S. Ismail, “A Systematic Review of Research on Private Finance Initiative (PFI) and Public Private Partnership (PPP),” (en), International Journal of Economics, Management and Accounting, vol. 19, no. 3, 2011.
[2]           world bank, Public-Private Partnerships: reference guide, 1st ed. Washington DC, 2012.
[3]           S. Durdyev and S. Ismail, “The build-operate-transfer model as an infrastructure privatisation strategy for Turkmenistan,” Utilities Policy, vol. 48, pp. 195–200, 2017.
[4]           D. Grimsey and M. K. Lewis, “Evaluating the risks of public private partnerships for infrastructure projects,” (en), International Journal of Project Management, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 107–118, 2002.
[5]           Alison McCowan and Sherif Mohamed, “Evaluation of build-opera te-transfer (bot) project: opportunities in developing countries,” 2002.
[6]           Remington, K. and Pollack J., “Tools for Complex Projects,” 2008.
[7]           Syed Waqar Azim, “Understanding and Managing Project Complexity,” University of Manchester, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, 2010.
[8]           Baccarini D., “The concept of project complexity—a review.,” Int. J. Proj. Manag, vol. 4, no. 4, 1996.
[9]           Tatikonda, M.V., Rosenthal, S.R., “Technology novelty, project complexity, and product development project execution success: a deeper look at task uncertainty in product innovation,” IEEE Trans. Eng. Manag., vol. 47, no. 1, pp. 74–87, 2000.
[10]         Pich MT, Christoph H. Loch, Arnoud De Meyer, “On Uncertainty, Ambiguity, and Complexity in Project Management,” Management science, vol. 48, no. 8, pp. 1008–1023, 2002.
[11]         J. S. Cristóbal, “Complexity in Project Management,” Procedia Computer Science, vol. 121, pp. 762–766, 2017.
[12]         Stephen Carver, 3 Types of Complexity. [Online] Available: www.projectmanagement.com/blog-post/7405/3-Types-of-Complexity?blogName=The-Money-Files&posting=7405.
[13]         Bertelsen, Sven and Koskela, Lauri, Ed., AVOIDING AND MANAGING CHAOS IN PROJECTS, 2003.
[14]         Remington, K., Zolin, R. and Turner, R., Ed., A Model of Project Complexity: Distinguishing dimensions of complexity from severity, 2008.
[15]         M. Saynisch, “Mastering complexity and changes in projects, economy, and society via Project Management Second Order (PM‐2),” (en), Project Management Journal, vol. 41, no. 5, pp. 4–20, 2010.
[16]         B. Aritua, N. J. Smith, and D. Bower, “Construction client multi-projects–A complex adaptive systems perspective,” International Journal of Project Management, vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 72–79, 2009.
[17]         M. Othman, A. M. Zain, and A. R. Hamdan, “A Review on Project Management and Issues Surrounding Dynamic Development Environment of ICT project: Formation of Research Area,” (en), JDCTA, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 96–105, 2010.
[18]         R. A. yaworsky, “Risk Planing for Larg and BOT Projects: A Holistic Framework,” UBC, Canada, 1994.
[19]         Natasa Turina and Diana Car-Pušic, Ed., OVERVIEW OF PPP MODELS AND THE ANALYSIS OF THE OPPORTUNITIES FOR THEIR APPLICATION, 2006.
[20]         UNIDO, Ed., Trading Modules of BOT Programme: The Bot Strategy, 1997.
[21]         Sharaffudin, H. Al-Mutairi, A., “Success factors for the implementation of the build operate transfer (BOT) projects in Kuwait,” Int. J. Bus. Manag., vol. 10, no. 9, pp. 68–78, 2015.
[22]         Khan, A., H. and Jamil, M., and Sattar, M., Ed., The Trend of Build Operate and Transfer (BOT) Projects in Pakistan, 2008.
[23]         H. Ç. Demirel, W. Leendertse, L. Volker, and M. Hertogh, “Flexibility in PPP contracts – Dealing with potential change in the pre-contract phase of a construction project,” Construction Management and Economics, vol. 35, no. 4, pp. 196–206, 2016.
[24]         Abbas Borzouei, “A Study on the Successful Implementa tion of Infrastructure Projects through BOT,” European Online Journal of Natural and Social Sciences, vol. 2, www.european.com, 2013.
[25]         A. KarimiAzari, N. Mousavi, S. F. Mousavi, and S. Hosseini, “Risk assessment model selection in construction industry,” (af), Expert Systems with Applications, vol. 38, no. 8, pp. 9105–9111, 2011.
[26]         Walker, C. Smith, A.J., Privatized Infrastructure: The Build Oprate Transfer Approch, 1st ed. London: Thomas Telford, 1995.
[27]         A. V. Thomas, “Modelling and assessment of critical risks in BOT road projects,” Construction Management and Economics, no. 24, pp. 407–424, 2006.
[28]         Y. Xu et al., “Developing a risk assessment model for PPP projects in China — A fuzzy synthetic evaluation approach,” (en), Automation in Construction, vol. 19, no. 7, pp. 929–943, 2010.
[29]         J.-S. Chou, H. P. Tserng, C. Lin, and C.-P. Yeh, “Critical factors and risk allocation for PPP policy: Comparison between HSR and general infrastructure projects,” (en), Transport Policy, vol. 22, pp. 36–48, 2012.
[30]         J. R. Turner, Handbook of Project Based Management, 4th ed.: McGraw-Hill, 2014.
[31]         A. Jaafari, “Project management in the age of complexity and change,” (en), Project Management Journal, vol. 34, no. 4, pp. 47–58, 2003.
[32]         Duc Anh Nguyen, “Improving Public-Private Partnership Contracts through Risk: Characterization, Contract Mechanisms, and Flexibility,” Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State, Blacksburg, Virginia, 2017.
[33]         Eshtehardian, E. Khanzadi, M. Farshad, H., “S‌tatistical Analysis to D‌etermine Level of R‌isk in Existing U‌ncertainty of Freeway C‌ontracts The B‌O‌T Method: C‌ase S‌tudy: S‌aveh F‌reeway S‌alafchegan,” shariff, no. 3.2, 3-8, 2015.
[34]         A. Mohammadpur, The Experience of Modernization: Investigating Change and Development in Hewraman Region Using Grounded Theory, 1st ed. Tehran: Jameeshenasan, 2014.
[35]         M. Ferasatkhah, Qualitative Research Method in Social Sciences with Emphasis on Grounded Theory, 1st ed. Tehran: Nashre Agah, 2017.
[36]         DanaeeFard, H. Salehi, A., Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches, 1st ed. Tehran: Mehraban Nashr, 2013.
[37]         Pierre‐Luc Lalonde and Mario Bourgault and Alain Findeli, “Building pragmatist theories of PM practice: Theorizing the act of project management,” Project Management Journal, vol. 41, no. 5, pp. 21–36, 2010.
[38]         DanaeeFard, H. Alvani, M. Azar, A., Qualitative Research Methodology on Management: Comprehensively Approach, 2nd ed. Tehran: Saffar, 2014.