Journal of Structural and Construction Engineering

Journal of Structural and Construction Engineering

Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) in Concret, A Review Study

Document Type : Review

Author
Assistant professor, Department of Civil and Environment Engineering, AmirKabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
Abstract
This research focuses on how the scientific community has addressed various aspects of the design, testing, and field implementation of Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) in concrete. FRP composites have become well-known after their application in civil engineering over the past three decades. This paper provides a comprehensive survey of the existing literature on FRP in concrete from various engineering perspectives. Since the emergence of FRP, research on it has led to the publication of numerous papers in various scientific databases such as Elsevier, ASCE, Springer Nature, ACI, and MDPI. Researchers have explored the use of FRP in concrete from various aspects, including material systems, types of elements, and applications, which together account for 35.8%, 50.3%, and 13.9% of the research papers, respectively. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview and summary of the use of FRP based on highly cited literature and to support the ongoing growth and development of FRP in concrete applications. Therefore, this paper expects to offer benefits for stakeholders involved in the use of FRP, such as owners, engineers, and professionals, with an emphasis on the number of available research papers that could increase confidence in the use of FRP. This article provides an opportunity for researchers to familiarize themselves with the application of FRP in concrete.
Keywords

Subjects


[1] Bakis, C. E., Bank, L. C., Brown, Vl., Cosenza, E., Davalos, J. F., Lesko, J. J., Machida, A., Rizkalla, S. H., & Triantafillou, T. C. (2002). Fiber-reinforced polymer composites for construction—State-of-the-art review. J. Compos. Constr, 6, 73–87.
[2] GangaRao, H. V. S., Taly, N., & Vijay, P. V. (2006). Reinforced Concrete Design with FRP Composites. CRC press.
[3] Hollaway, L. (2012). Polymer Composites for Civil and Structural Engineering. Springer Science & Business Media.
[4] Bakis, C. E., Bank, L. C., Brown, Vl., Cosenza, E., Davalos, J. F., Lesko, J. J., Machida, A., Rizkalla, S. H., & Triantafillou, T. C. (2002). Fiber-reinforced polymer composites for construction—State-of-the-art review. J. Compos. Constr, 6, 73–87.
[5] Teng, J. G., Chen, J.-F., Smith, S. T., Lam, L. (2002). FRP: Strength. RC Struct.
[6] Bank, L. C. (2006). Composites for Construction: Structural Design with FRP Materials. John Wiley & Sons.
[7] Motavalli, M., & Czaderski, C. (2007). FRP composites for retrofitting of existing civil structures in Europe: State-of-the-art review. International Conference of Composites & Polycon, American Composites Manufacturers Association, Tampa, FL, USA, 17–19.
[8] Meier, U. (2000). Composite materials in bridge repair. Appl. Compos. Mater, 7, 75–94.
[9] Szmigiera, E. D., Protchenko, K., Urbanski, M., Garbacz, A., Urbanski, M., & Garbacz, A. (2019). Mechanical properties of hybrid FRP bars and nano-hybrid FRP bars. Arch. Civ. Eng, 65, 97–110. https://doi.org/10.2478/ace-2019-0007.
[10] Nanni, A., De Luca, A., & Jawaheri Zadeh, H. (2014). Reinforced Concrete with FRP Bars. https://doi.org/10.1201/b16669.
[11] Mirdarsoltany, M., Abed, F., & Homayoonmehr, R. (2022). A Comprehensive Review of the Effects of Different Simulated Environmental Conditions and Hybridization Processes on the Mechanical Behavior of Different FRP Bars.
[12] Scmidt, A., Kampmann, R., Telikapalli, S., Emparanza, A. R., & De Caso, F. (2019). Basalt FRP production: Market analysis and state–of–the–art report. Proc. Fib Symp, 189–196.
[13] Sathishkumar, T. P., Satheeshkumar, S., & Naveen, J. (2014). Glass fiber-reinforced polymer composites - A review. J. Reinf. Plast. Compos, 33, 1258–1275. https://doi.org/10.1177/0731684414530790.
[14] Fu, S.-Y., Lauke, B., Mader, E., Yue, C.-Y., & Hu, X. (2000). Tensile properties of short-glass-fiber-and short-carbon-fiber-reinforced polypropylene composites. Compos Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf, 31, 1117–1125.
[15] Ou, Y., & Zhu, D. (2015). Tensile behavior of glass fiber reinforced composite at different strain rates and temperatures. Constr. Build. Mater, 96, 648–656.
[16] Agarwal, A., Garg, S., Rakesh, P. K., Singh, I., & Mishra, B. K. (2010). Tensile behavior of glass fiber reinforced plastics subjected to different environmental conditions.
[17] Zaghloul, M. Y. Mahmoud, & Zaghloul, M. M. Yousry. (2023). Physical analysis and statistical investigation of tensile and fatigue behaviors of glass fiber-reinforced polyester via novel fibers arrangement. J. Compos Mater, 57, 147–166. https://doi.org/10.1177/00219983221141154.
[18] Mukhopadhyaya, P., Swamy, R. N., & Lynsdale, C. J. (1998). Influence of aggressive exposure conditions on the behaviour of adhesive bonded concrete–GFRP joints. Constr. Build. Mater, 12, 427–446.
[19] Habeeb, M. N., & Ashour, A. F. (2008). Flexural behavior of continuous GFRP reinforced concrete beams. J. Compos. Constr, 12, 115–124.
[20] Robert, M., & Benmokrane, B. (2010). Effect of aging on bond of GFRP bars embedded in concrete. Cem. Concr. Compos, 32, 461–467.
[21] Ali, M. A., & El-Salakawy, E. (2016). Seismic performance of GFRP-reinforced concrete rectangular columns. J. Compos. Constr, 20, 4015074.
[22] Kumutha, R., Vaidyanathan, R., & Palanichamy, M. S. (2007). Behaviour of reinforced concrete rectangular columns strengthened using GFRP. Cem. Concr. Compos, 29, 609–615.
[23] Qu, W., Zhang, X., & Huang, H. (2009). Flexural behavior of concrete beams reinforced with hybrid (GFRP and steel) bars. J. Compos. Constr, 13, 350–359.
[24] Al-Furjan, M. S. H., Shan, L., Shen, X., Zarei, M. S., Hajmohammad, M. H., & Kolahchi, R. (2022). A review on fabrication techniques and tensile properties of glass, carbon, and Kevlar fiber reinforced polymer composites. J. Mater. Res. Technol, 19, 2930–2959. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2022.06.008.
[25] ACI Committee 440. (2017). Guide for the Design and Construction of Externally Bonded FRP Systems for Strengthening Concrete Structures (ACI 440.2R-17). American Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI.
[26] Bakis, C. E., Bank, L. C., Brown, Vl., Cosenza, E., Davalos, J. F., Lesko, J. J., Machida, A., Rizkalla, S. H., & Triantafillou, T. C. (2002). Fiber-reinforced polymer composites for construction—State-of-the-art review. J. Compos. Constr, 6, 73–87.
[27] Feih, S., & Mouritz, A. P. (2012). Tensile properties of carbon fibres and carbon fibre–polymer composites in fire. Compos Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf, 43, 765–772.
[28] Goertzen, W. K., Kessler, M. R., & Kessler, R. M. (2006). Creep behavior of carbon fiber/epoxy matrix composites. Mater. Sci. Eng.: A, 421, 217–225.
[29] Cao, S., Wang, X., & Wu, Z. (2011). Evaluation and prediction of temperature-dependent tensile strength of unidirectional carbon fiber-reinforced polymer composites. J. Reinf. Plast. Compos, 30, 799–807.
[30] Xia, Y., Wang, Y., Zhou, Y., & Jeelani, S. (2007). Effect of strain rate on tensile behavior of carbon fiber reinforced aluminum laminates. Mater. Lett, 61, 213–215.
[31] Al-Furjan, M. S. H., Shan, L., Shen, X., Zarei, M. S., Hajmohammad, M. H., & Kolahchi, R. (2022). A review on fabrication techniques and tensile properties of glass, carbon, and Kevlar fiber reinforced polymer composites. J. Mater. Res. Technol, 19, 2930–2959.
[32] Zhou, Y.-G., Wang, C.-Y., Zhang, J.-N., & Wu, H.-H. (2020). Experimental and theoretical investigation on tensile properties and fracture behavior of carbon fiber composite laminates with varied ply thickness. Compos Struct, 249, 112543.
[33] Lee, S. W., Han, S., Kim, S., & Choi, S. (2023). Influence of elevated temperature on the microhardness and microstructure of carbon fiber reinforced polymers. J. Reinf. Plast. Compos, 42, 1220–1228.
[34] Rafi, M. M., Nadjai, A., Ali, F., & Talamona, D. (2008). Aspects of behaviour of CFRP reinforced concrete beams in bending. Constr. Build. Mater, 22, 277–285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2006.08.014.
[35] Ahmad, F. S., Foret, G., & Le Roy, R. (2011). Bond between carbon fibre-reinforced polymer (CFRP) bars and ultra high performance fibre reinforced concrete (UHPFRC): Experimental study. Constr. Build. Mater, 25, 479–485.
[36] Rahal, K. N., & Rumaih, H. A. (2011). Tests on reinforced concrete beams strengthened in shear using near surface mounted CFRP and steel bars. Eng. Struct, 33, 53–62.
[37] Davalos, J. F., Chen, Y., & Ray, I. (2008). Effect of FRP bar degradation on interface bond with high strength concrete. Cem. Concr. Compos, 30, 722–730.
[38] Barnes, R. A., & Mays, G. C. (1999). Fatigue performance of concrete beams strengthened with CFRP plates. J. Compos. Constr, 3, 63–72.
[39] Bukhari, I. A., Vollum, R. L., Ahmad, S., & Sagaseta, J. (2010). Shear strengthening of reinforced concrete beams with CFRP. Mag. Concr. Res, 62, 65–77. https://doi.org/10.1680/macr.2008.62.1.65.
[40] Bashtannik, P. I., Kabak, A. I., & Yakovchuk, Y. Y. (2003). The effect of adhesion interaction on the mechanical properties of thermoplastic basalt plastics. Mech. Compos. Mater, 39, 85–88.
[41] Wang, M., Zhang, Z., Li, Y., Li, M., Sun, Z., & Cao, M. (2008). Chemical durability and mechanical properties of alkali-proof basalt fiber and its reinforced epoxy composites. J. Reinf. Plast. Compos, 27, 393–407. https://doi.org/10.1177/0731684407084119.
[42] Greco, A., Maffezzoli, A., Casciaro, G., & Caretto, F. (2014). Mechanical properties of basalt fibers and their adhesion to polypropylene matrices. Compos B Eng, 67, 233–238.
[43] Chen, W., Hao, H., Jong, M., Cui, J., Shi, Y., Chen, L., & Pham, T. M. (2017). Quasi-static and dynamic tensile properties of basalt fibre reinforced polymer. Compos B Eng, 125, 123–133.
[44] Bashtannik, P. I., Kabak, A. I., & Yakovchuk, Y. Y. (2003). The effect of adhesion interaction on the mechanical properties of thermoplastic basalt plastics. Mech. Compos. Mater, 39, 85–88.
[45] Fegade, V., Ramachandran, M., Madhu, S., Vimala, C., Malar, R. K., Rajeshwari, R., & Rajesh, R. (2022). A review on basalt fibre reinforced polymeric composite materials. AIP Conf. Proc, 2393. https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0074178.
[46] Plappert, D., Ganzenmüller, G. C., May, M., & Beisel, S. (2020). Mechanical properties of a unidirectional basalt-fiber/epoxy composite. J. Compos. Sci, 4, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs4030101.
[47] Ge, W., Zhang, J., Cao, D., & Tu, Y. (2015). Flexural behaviors of hybrid concrete beams reinforced with BFRP bars and steel bars. Constr. Build. Mater, 87, 28–37.
[48] Mahroug, M. E. M., Ashour, A. F., & Lam, D. (2014). Experimental response and code modelling of continuous concrete slabs reinforced with BFRP bars. Compos Struct, 107, 664–674. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2013.08.029.
[49] Abed, F., & Alhafiz, A. R. (2019). Effect of basalt fibers on the flexural behavior of concrete beams reinforced with BFRP bars. Compos Struct, 215, 2.
[50] Hassan, M., Benmokrane, B., ElSafty, A., & Fam, A. (2016). Bond durability of basalt-fiber-reinforced-polymer (BFRP) bars embedded in concrete in aggressive environments. Compos B Eng, 106, 262–272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2016.09.039.
[51] El Refai, A., Ammar, M. A., & Masmoudi, R. (2015). Bond performance of basalt fiber-reinforced polymer bars to concrete. J. Compos. Constr, 19, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)CC.1943-5614.0000487.
[52] S, P., KM, S., N, K., & SS, S. (2017). Fiber Reinforced Composites - A Review. J. Mater. Sci. Eng, 06, https://doi.org/10.4172/2169-0022.1000341.
[53] Zhang, B., Jia, L., Tian, M., Ning, N., Zhang, L., Wang, W. (2021). Surface and interface modification of aramid fiber and its reinforcement for polymer composites: A review. Eur. Polym. J, 147, 110352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110352.
[54] Singh, T. J., & Samanta, S. (2015). Characterization of Kevlar Fiber and Its Composites: A Review. Mater. Today Proc, 2, 1381–1387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2015.07.057.
[55] Raja, S. N., Basu, S., Limaye, A. M., Anderson, T. J., Hyland, C. M., & Ritchie, R. O. (2015). Strain-dependent dynamic mechanical properties of Kevlar to failure: Structural correlations and comparisons to other polymers. Mater. Today Commun, 2, e33–e37.
[56] Youakim, S. A., & Karbhari, V. M. (2007). An approach to determine long-term behavior of concrete members prestressed with FRP tendons. Constr. Build. Mater, 21, 1052–1060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2006.02.006.
[57] Toutanji, H., & Deng, Y. (2002). Strength and durability performance of concrete axially loaded members confined with AFRP composite sheets. Compos B Eng, 33, 255–261.
[58] Wu, H.-L., Wang, Y.-F., Yu, L., & Li, X.-R. (2009). Experimental and computational studies on high-strength concrete circular columns confined by aramid fiber-reinforced polymer sheets. J. Compos. Constr, 13, 125–134.
[59] Rashid, M. A., Mansur, M. A., & Paramasivam, P. (2005). Behavior of aramid fiber-reinforced polymer reinforced high strength concrete beams under bending. J. Compos. Constr, 9, 117–127.
[60] Wang, Y., & Wu, H. (2011). Size effect of concrete short columns confined with aramid FRP jackets. J. Compos. Constr, 15, 535–544.
[61] Vincent, T., & Ozbakkaloglu, T. (2013). Influence of fiber orientation and specimen end condition on axial compressive behavior of FRP-confined concrete. Constr. Build. Mater, 47, 814–826.
[62] Robert, M., Cousin, P., & Benmokrane, B. (2009). Durability of GFRP reinforcing bars embedded in moist concrete. J. Compos. Constr, 13, 66–73.
[63] Wang, Z., Zhao, X.-L., Xian, G., Wu, G., Raman, R. K. S., Al-Saadi, S., & Haque, A. (2017). Long-term durability of basalt-and glass-fibre reinforced polymer (BFRP/GFRP) bars in seawater and sea sand concrete environment. Constr. Build. Mater, 139, 467–489.
[64] Afifi, M. Z., Mohamed, H. M., & Benmokrane, B. (2014). Axial capacity of circular concrete columns reinforced with GFRP bars and spirals. J. Compos. Constr, 18, 4013017.
[65] Ashour, A. F. (2006). Flexural and shear capacities of concrete beams reinforced with GFRP bars. Constr. Build. Mater, 20, 1005–1015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2005.06.023.
[66] Yost, J. R., Gross, S. P., & Dinehart, D. W. (2001). Shear strength of normal strength concrete beams reinforced with deformed GFRP bars. J. Compos. Constr, 5, 268–275.
[67] Wang, Z., Zhao, X.-L., Xian, G., Wu, G., Raman, R. K. S., Al-Saadi, S. (2018). Durability study on interlaminar shear behaviour of basalt-, glass-and carbon-fibre reinforced polymer (B/G/CFRP) bars in seawater sea sand concrete environment. Constr. Build. Mater, 156, 985–1004.
[68] Yost, J. R., Gross, S. P., & Dinehart, D. W. (2001). Shear strength of normal strength concrete beams reinforced with deformed GFRP bars. J. Compos. Constr, 5, 268–275.
[69] Esfahani, M. R., Kianoush, M. R., & Tajari, A. R. (2007). Flexural behaviour of reinforced concrete beams strengthened by CFRP sheets. Eng. Struct, 29, 2428–2444.
[70] Abdalla, H. A. (2002). Evaluation of deflection in concrete members reinforced with fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) bars. Compos Struct, 56, 63–71.
[71] Wang, Z., Zhao, X.-L., Xian, G., Wu, G., Raman, R. K. S., Al-Saadi, S. (2017). Durability study on interlaminar shear behaviour of basalt-, glass-and carbon-fibre reinforced polymer (B/G/CFRP) bars in seawater sea sand concrete environment. Constr. Build. Mater, 156, 985–1004.
[72] Afifi, M. Z., Mohamed, H. M., & Benmokrane, B. (2014). Strength and axial behavior of circular concrete columns reinforced with CFRP bars and spirals. J. Compos. Constr, 18, 4013035.
[73] Dong, Z., Wu, G., Xu, B., Wang, X., & Taerwe, L. (2016). Bond durability of BFRP bars embedded in concrete under seawater conditions and the long-term bond strength prediction. Mater. Des, 92, 552–562. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2015.12.066.
[74] Wu, G., Dong, Z.-Q., Wang, X., Zhu, Y., & Wu, Z.-S. (2015). Prediction of Long-Term Performance and Durability of BFRP Bars under the Combined Effect of Sustained Load and Corrosive Solutions. J. Compos. Constr, 19, 04014058. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)cc.1943-5614.0000517.
[75] Okelo, R., & Yuan, R. L. (2005). Bond strength of fiber reinforced polymer rebars in normal strength concrete. J. Compos. Constr, 9, 203–213.
[76] Rashid, M. A., Mansur, M. A., & Paramasivam, P. (2005). Behavior of Aramid Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Reinforced High Strength Concrete Beams under Bending. J. Compos. Constr, 9, 117–127. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)1090-0268(2005)9:2(117).
[77] Ekenel, M., Roghani, H., & Basalo, F. D. C. y. (2022). Evaluation of FRP Bars & Meshes Used as Secondary Reinforcement for Nonstructural Concrete Members for Building Code Compliance. Spec. Publ, 356, 109–119.
[78] Mosallam, A. S., & Mosalam, K. M. (2003). Strengthening of two-way concrete slabs with FRP composite laminates. Constr. Build. Mater, 17, 43–54.
[79] Yao, J., Teng, J. G., & Lam, L. (2005). Experimental study on intermediate crack debonding in FRP-strengthened RC flexural members. Adv. Struct. Eng, 8, 365–396.
[80] Smith, S. T., Hu, S., Kim, S. J., & Seracino, R. (2011). FRP-strengthened RC slabs anchored with FRP anchors. Eng. Struct, 33, 1075–1087.
[81] Fernandes, P. M. G., Silva, P. M., & Sena-Cruz, J. (2015). Bond and flexural behavior of concrete elements strengthened with NSM CFRP laminate strips under fatigue loading. Eng. Struct, 84, 350–361.
[82] Kankeri, P., & Prakash, S. S. (2017). Efficient hybrid strengthening for precast hollow core slabs at low and high shear span to depth ratios. Compos Struct, 170, 202–214.
[83] Ospina, C. E., Alexander, S. D. B., & Cheng, J. J. R. (2003). Punching of two-way concrete slabs with fiber-reinforced polymer reinforcing bars or grids. Struct. J, 100, 589–598.
[84] ACI Committee 318. (1999). Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-99) and Commentary (318R-99). Farmington Hills, MI.
[85] British Standards Institution. (1997). Structural Use of Concrete, BS8110: Part 1—Code of Practice for Design and Construction. London.
[86] Matthys, S., & Taerwe, L. (2000). Concrete slabs reinforced with FRP grids. II: Punching resistance. J. Compos. Constr, 4, 154–161.
[87] El-Sayed, A., El-Salakawy, E., & Benmokrane, B. (2005). Shear strength of one-way concrete slabs reinforced with fiber-reinforced polymer composite bars. J. Compos. Constr, 9, 147–157.
[88] ACI Committee 440. (2003). Guide for the Design and Construction of Concrete Reinforced with FRP Bars (ACI 440.1R-03). American Concrete Institute, Detroit, MI.
[89] Canadian Standard Association (CSA). (2002). Design and construction of building components with fibre reinforced polymers. CAN/CSA S806-02, Rexdale, Canada.
[90] Machida, A., & Uomoto, T. (1997). Recommendation for Design and Construction of Concrete Structures Using Continuous Fiber Reinforcing Materials. Japan Soc. of Civil Engineers, Tokyo, Japan.
[91] Triantafillou, T. C. (1998). Shear strengthening of reinforced concrete beams using epoxy-bonded FRP composites. Acids Struct. J, 95, 107–115.
[92] Teng, J. G., Smith, S. T., Yao, J., Chen, J.-F. (2003). Intermediate crack-induced debonding in RC beams and slabs. Constr. Build. Mater, 17, 447–462.
[93] Huang, Y., Zhang, W., Liu, X. (2022). Assessment of diagonal macrocrack-induced debonding mechanisms in FRP-strengthened RC beams. J. Compos. Constr, 26, 04022056.
[94] De Lorenzis, L., & Nanni, A. (2001). Shear strengthening of reinforced concrete beams with near-surface mounted fiber-reinforced polymer rods. Struct. J, 98, 60–68.
[95] Barros, J. A. O., Dias, S. J. E., Lima, J. L. T. (2007). Efficacy of CFRP-based techniques for the flexural and shear strengthening of concrete beams. Cem. Concr. Compos, 29, 203–217.
[96] Tighiouart, B., Benmokrane, B., Gao, D. (1998). Investigation of bond in concrete member with fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) bars. Constr. Build. Mater, 12, 453–462.
[97] Tureyen, A. K., Frosch, R. J. (2003). Concrete shear strength: another perspective. Struct. J, 100, 609–615.
[98] ACI Committee 318. (2002). Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete (ACI 318-02) and Commentary (318R-02). Farmington Hills, MI.
[99] Almusallam, T. H., Al-Salloum, Y. A. (2007). Behavior of FRP strengthened infill walls under in-plane seismic loading. J. Compos. Constr, 11, 308–318.
[100] Binici, B., Ozcebe, G., Ozcelik, R. (2007). Analysis and design of FRP composites for seismic retrofit of infill walls in reinforced concrete frames. Compos B Eng, 38, 575–583.
[101] Bui, T.-L., Larbi, A. S., Reboul, N., Ferrier, E. (2015). Shear behaviour of masonry walls strengthened by external bonded FRP and TRC. Compos Struct, 132, 923–932.
[102] Li, T., Galati, N., Tumialan, J. G., Nanni, A. (2005). Analysis of unreinforced masonry concrete walls strengthened with glass fiber-reinforced polymer bars. Acids Struct. J, 102, 569.
[103] Al-Jaberi, Z., Myers, J. J., ElGawady, M. A. (2018). Pseudo-static cyclic loading comparison of reinforced masonry walls strengthened with FRCM or NSM FRP. Constr. Build. Mater, 167, 482–495.
[104] Ghazizadeh, S., Cruz-Noguez, C. A. (2018). Analytical model for hybrid FRP-steel reinforced shear walls. Eng. Struct, 156, 556–566.
[105] Ghazizadeh, S., Cruz-Noguez, C. A., Li, Y. (2019). Numerical study of hybrid GFRP-steel reinforced concrete shear walls and SFRC walls. Eng. Struct, 180, 700–712.
[106] Canadian Standards Association (CSA). (2014). Design of Concrete Structures. Mississauga, ON: CAN/CSA A23.3-14.
[107] Mirmiran, A. (1997). Analytical and experimental investigation of reinforced concrete columns encased in fiberglass tubular jacket and use of fiber jacket for pile splicing.
[108] Samaan, M., Mirmiran, A., Shahawy, M. (1998). Model of concrete confined by fiber composites. J. Struct. Eng, 124, 1025–1031.
[109] Mirmiran, A., Shahawy, M. (1997). Behavior of concrete columns confined by fiber composites. J. Struct. Eng, 123, 583–590.
[110] Shahawy, M., Mirmiran, A., Beitelman, T. (2000). Tests and modeling of carbon-wrapped concrete columns. Compos B Eng, 31, 471–480.
[111] Mostofinejad, D., Moshiri, N. (2015). Compressive strength of CFRP composites used for strengthening of RC columns: Comparative evaluation of EBR and grooving methods. J. Compos. Constr, 19, 04014079.
[112] Chellapandian, M., Prakash, S. S., Sharma, A. (2017). Strength and ductility of innovative hybrid NSM reinforced and FRP confined short RC columns under axial compression. Compos Struct, 176, 205–216.
[113] Elmessalami, N., El Refai, A., Abed, F. (2019). Fiber-reinforced polymers bars for compression reinforcement: A promising alternative to steel bars. Constr. Build. Mater, 209, 725–737.
[114] Elmesalami, N., Abed, F., El Refai, A. (2021). Concrete columns reinforced with GFRP and BFRP bars under concentric and eccentric loads: Experimental testing and analytical investigation. J. Compos. Constr, 25, 4021003.
[115] Afifi, M. Z., Mohamed, H. M., Benmokrane, B. (2014). Axial capacity of circular concrete columns reinforced with GFRP bars and spirals. J. Compos. Constr, 18, 04013017.
[116] Mohamed, H. M., Afifi, M. Z., Benmokrane, B. (2014). Performance evaluation of concrete columns reinforced longitudinally with FRP bars and confined with FRP hoops and spirals under axial load. J. Bridge Eng, 19, 04014020.
[117] Villen Salan, E.A., Rahman, M.K., Al-Ghamdi, S., Sakr, J., Al-Zahrani, M.M., Nanni, A. (2021). A monumental flood mitigation channel in Saudi Arabia. Concr. Int., 43.
[118] Roghani, H., Basalo, F.D.C.y., De Caso, F., Nanni, A. (2022). Constructability of slabs-on-ground with FRP meshes as secondary reinforcement. In: Proceedings of FRPRCS-15 and APFIS-2022, p. 109–119.
[119] Al-Zahrani, M.M., Rahman, M.K., Fasil, M., Al-Abduljabbar, S., Nanni, A., Al-Osta, M.A., Najamuddin, S.K. (2023). Punching shear capacity of GFRP bar-reinforced concrete slabs-on-ground. Eng. Struct., 289, 116285.
[120] Oskouei, A.V., Kivi, M.P., Araghi, H., Bazli, M. (2017). Experimental study of the punching behavior of GFRP reinforced lightweight concrete footing. Mater. Struct., 50, 1–14.
[121] Saleh, K.A., Hadad, H.S., Nooman, M.T. (2022). Punching shear behavior of isolated footing reinforced with glass fiber reinforced polymer bars. J. Al-Azhar Univ. Eng. Sect., 17, 189–218.
[122] Abdalla, H.A. (2002). Evaluation of deflection in concrete members reinforced with fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) bars. Compos Struct., 56, 63–71.
[123] Foret, G., Limam, O. (2008). Experimental and numerical analysis of RC two-way slabs strengthened with NSM CFRP rods. Constr. Build. Mater., 22, 2025–2030.
[124] Wu, C., Oehlers, D.J., Rebentrost, M., Leach, J., Whittaker, A.S. (2009). Blast testing of ultra-high performance fibre and FRP-retrofitted concrete slabs. Eng. Struct., 31, 2060–2069.
[125] Benmokrane, B., Masmoudi, R. (1996). Flexural response of concrete beams reinforced with FRP reinforcing bars. Struct. J., 93, 46–55.
[126] El-Hacha, R., Rizkalla, S.H. (2004). Near-surface-mounted fiber-reinforced polymer reinforcements for flexural strengthening of concrete structures. Struct. J., 101, 717–726.
[127] Sim, J., Park, C. (2005). Characteristics of basalt fiber as a strengthening material for concrete structures. Compos B Eng., 36, 504–512.
[128] Hamilton, H.R., Dolan, C.W. (2001). Flexural capacity of glass FRP strengthened concrete masonry walls. J. Compos. Constr., 5, 170–178.
[129] Turco, V., Secondin, S., Morbin, A., Valluzzi, M.R., Modena, C. (2006). Flexural and shear strengthening of un-reinforced masonry with FRP bars. Compos. Sci. Technol., 66, 289–296.
[130] Ghazizadeh, S., Cruz-Noguez, C.A. (2018). Damage-resistant reinforced concrete low-rise walls with hybrid GFRP-steel reinforcement and steel fibers. J. Compos. Constr., 22, https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)cc.1943-5614.0000834.
[131] Lam, L., Teng, J.G. (2003). Design-oriented stress–strain model for FRP-confined concrete. Constr. Build. Mater., 17, 471–489.
[132] Bournas, D.A., Triantafillou, T.C. (2009). Experimental investigation of FRP-strengthened RC beam-column joints. J. Compos. Constr., 7, 39–49.
[133] Hassan, T., Rizkalla, S. (2003). Investigation of bond in concrete structures strengthened with near surface mounted carbon fiber reinforced polymer strips. J. Compos. Constr., 7, 248–257.
[134] Cadenazzi, T., Dotelli, G., Rossini, M., Nolan, S., Nanni, A. (2020). Cost and environmental analyses of reinforcement alternatives for a concrete bridge. Struct. Infrastruct. Eng., 16, 787–802.
[135] El-Saikaly, G., Godat, A., Chaallal, O. (2015). New anchorage technique for FRP shear-strengthened RC T-beams using CFRP rope. J. Compos. Constr., 19, 04014064.
[136] Cadenazzi, T., Dotelli, G., Rossini, M., Nolan, S., Nanni, A. (2019). Life-cycle cost and life-cycle assessment analysis at the design stage of a fiber-reinforced polymer-reinforced concrete bridge in Florida. Adv. Civ. Eng. Mater., 8, 128–151.
[137] Nanni, A., Bakis, C.E., O’Neil, E.F., Dixon, T.O. (1996). Performance of FRP tendon-anchor systems for prestressed concrete structures. PCI J., 41, 34–43.
[138] Wang, X., Xu, P., Wu, Z., Shi, J. (2015). A novel anchor for large-sized FRP cable with multiple tendons: Concept and FE study. Compos. Struct., 120, 552–564.
[139] Braimah, A., Green, M.F., Campbell, T.I. (2006). Fatigue behavior of concrete beams post-tensioned with unbonded carbon fiber reinforced polymer tendons. Can. J. Civ. Eng., 33, 1140–1155.
[140] Yost, J.R., Goodspeed, C.H., Schmeckpeper, E.R. (2001). Flexural performance of concrete beams reinforced with FRP grids. J. Compos. Constr., 5, 18–25.
[141] Shao, Y., Mirmiran, A. (2007). Control of plastic shrinkage cracking of concrete with carbon fiber-reinforced polymer grids. J. Mater. Civ. Eng., 19, 441–444.
[142] Fang, H., Xu, X., Liu, W., Qi, Y., Bai, Y., Zhang, B., Hui, D. (2016). Flexural behavior of composite concrete slabs reinforced by FRP grid facesheets. Compos. B Eng., 92, 46–62.
[143] Matthys, S., Taerwe, L. (2000). Concrete slabs reinforced with FRP grids. I: One-way bending. J. Compos. Constr., 4, 145–153.
[144] Sha, X., Wang, Z., Feng, P., Yang, J.-Q. (2020). Axial compressive behavior of square-section concrete columns transversely reinforced with FRP grids. J. Compos. Constr., 24, 04020028.
[145] Cosenza, E., Manfredi, G., Realfonzo, R. (1997). Behavior and modeling of bond of FRP rebars to concrete. J. Compos. Constr., 1, 40–51.
[146] Chen, Y., Davalos, J.F., Ray, I., Kim, H.-Y. (2007). Accelerated aging tests for evaluations of durability performance of FRP reinforcing bars for concrete structures. Compos. Struct., 78, 101–111.
[147] El-Hacha, R., Rizkalla, S.H. (2003). Near-surface-mounted fiber-reinforced polymer reinforcements for flexural strengthening of concrete structures. Struct. J., 101, 717–726.
[148] Sim, J., Park, C. (2005). Characteristics of basalt fiber as a strengthening material for concrete structures. Compos. B Eng., 36, 504–512.
[149] Hamilton, H.R., Dolan, C.W. (2001). Flexural capacity of glass FRP strengthened concrete masonry walls. J. Compos. Constr., 5, 170–178.
[150] Turco, V., Secondin, S., Morbin, A., Valluzzi, M.R., Modena, C. (2006). Flexural and shear strengthening of un-reinforced masonry with FRP bars. Compos. Sci. Technol., 66, 289–296.
[151] Ghazizadeh, S., Cruz-Noguez, C.A. (2018). Damage-resistant reinforced concrete low-rise walls with hybrid GFRP-steel reinforcement and steel fibers. J. Compos. Constr., 22, https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)cc.1943-5614.0000834.
[152] Lam, L., Teng, J.G. (2003). Design-oriented stress–strain model for FRP-confined concrete. Constr. Build. Mater., 17, 471–489.
[153] Bournas, D.A., Triantafillou, T.C. (2009). Experimental investigation of FRP-strengthened RC beam-column joints. J. Compos. Constr., 7, 39–49.
[154] Hassan, T., Rizkalla, S. (2003). Investigation of bond in concrete structures strengthened with near surface mounted carbon fiber reinforced polymer strips. J. Compos. Constr., 7, 248–257.
[155] Cadenazzi, T., Dotelli, G., Rossini, M., Nolan, S., Nanni, A. (2020). Cost and environmental analyses of reinforcement alternatives for a concrete bridge. Struct. Infrastruct. Eng., 16, 787–802.
[156] El-Saikaly, G., Godat, A., Chaallal, O. (2015). New anchorage technique for FRP shear-strengthened RC T-beams using CFRP rope. J. Compos. Constr., 19, 04014064.
[157] Cadenazzi, T., Dotelli, G., Rossini, M., Nolan, S., Nanni, A. (2019). Life-cycle cost and life-cycle assessment analysis at the design stage of a fiber-reinforced polymer-reinforced concrete bridge in Florida. Adv. Civ. Eng. Mater., 8, 128–151.
[158] Yost, J.R., Goodspeed, C.H., Schmeckpeper, E.R. (2001). Flexural performance of concrete beams reinforced with FRP grids. J. Compos. Constr., 5, 18–25.
[159] Ye, Y.-Y., Smith, S.T., Zeng, J.-J., Zhuge, Y., Quach, W.-M. (2021). Novel ultra-high-performance concrete composite plates reinforced with FRP grid: Development and mechanical behaviour. Compos. Struct., 269, 114033.
[160] Liu, Y., Tafsirojjaman, T., Dogar, A.U.R., Hückler, A. (2020). Shrinkage behavior enhancement of infra-lightweight concrete through FRP grid reinforcement and development of their shrinkage prediction models. Constr. Build. Mater., 258, 119649.
[161] Antonopoulos, C.P., Triantafillou, T.C. (2003). Experimental investigation of FRP-strengthened RC beam-column joints. J. Compos. Constr., 7, 39–49.
[162] Hassan, T., Rizkalla, S. (2003). Investigation of bond in concrete structures strengthened with near surface mounted carbon fiber reinforced polymer strips. J. Compos. Constr., 7, 248–257.
[163] Barros, J.A.O., Dias, S.J.E., Lima, J.L.T. (2007). Efficacy of CFRP-based techniques for the flexural and shear strengthening of concrete beams. Cem. Concr. Compos., 29, 203–217.
[164] Cadenazzi, T., Dotelli, G., Rossini, M., Nolan, S., Nanni, A. (2020). Cost and environmental analyses of reinforcement alternatives for a concrete bridge. Struct. Infrastruct. Eng., 16, 787–802.
[165] El-Saikaly, G., Godat, A., Chaallal, O. (2015). New anchorage technique for FRP shear-strengthened RC T-beams using CFRP rope. J. Compos. Constr., 19, 04014064.
[166] Cadenazzi, T., Dotelli, G., Rossini, M., Nolan, S., Nanni, A. (2019). Life-cycle cost and life-cycle assessment analysis at the design stage of a fiber-reinforced polymer-reinforced concrete bridge in Florida. Adv. Civ. Eng. Mater., 8, 128–151.
Volume 7, Issue 4 - Serial Number 36
Autumn 2020
Pages 265-298

  • Receive Date 21 May 2020
  • Revise Date 24 August 2020
  • Accept Date 08 October 2020