Investigating the performance and mechanical properties of normal and high performance concretes against direct fire

Farahmandi, Meysam; Ahmadian Khameneh, Mohammadhossein; Afshin, Hassan; Qudsi Sharif, Gholamreza; Mollaei, Abu Meysam

doi:10.22065/jsce.2024.459880.3429

Investigating the performance and mechanical properties of normal and high performance concretes against direct fire

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

meysam farahmandi ¹

mohammadhossein Ahmadian Khameneh ¹

Hassan Afshin ²

Gholamreza Qudsi Sharif ³

abu meysam mollaei ⁴

¹ Master Student of Structural Engineering , faculty of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz , Iran

² Associate Professor of Structural Engineering , faculty of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Sahand University of Technology , Tabriz , Iran

³ Instructor of the Faculty of Civil Engineering , Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz , Iran

⁴ an expert in the laboratory complex of the Faculty of Civil Engineering, Sahand University of Technology, Tabriz , Iran

10.22065/jsce.2024.459880.3429

Abstract

Concrete is an excellent thermal insulator with a high heat capacity. heat transfer within concrete specimens depends on the thermal and mechanical properties of its constituent materials, the compactness of the microstructure, and the presence or absence of reinforcing fibers. In this research, the performance of three types of concrete: normal concrete (NSC), high-strength concrete (HSC), and ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) in terms of compressive strength, elastic modulus, and appearance properties after exposure to a temperature of 900°C ± 20°C from flames for 3 hours was investigated. Based on the results, adding 50 kg/m³ of recycled steel fibers increased the residual compressive strength of NSC and UHPC after heat exposure by 7% and 1%, respectively, while the use of fibers in HSC did not improve compressive strength. Also, adding 50 kg/m³ of recycled steel fibers to the NSC, HSC, and UHPC mix designs increased the residual elastic modulus after heat exposure by 9%, 4%, and 18%, respectively. The addition of recycled steel fibers in NSC and HSC reduced the length, depth, and width of cracks and also limited the effects of spalling and preserved the structural integrity of the specimens, while in UHPC it reduced heat transfer and preserved the structural integrity of the specimens.Also, in all concretes, fibers improved the bending behavior after heating and UHPC reinforced concrete had the best bending performance and energy absorption was achieved in the two states before and after heating, respectively 59.07 and 7.63 Joules.

Keywords

Normal strength concrete

High strength concrete. ultra-high performance concrete

high-temperature

Elastic modulus

pore pressure

Concrete cracking

Subjects

Structural Fire Engineering

[1] Bird, M. I. (1995). Fire, prehistoric humanity, and the environment. Interdisciplinary Science Reviews, 20(2), 141–154. https://doi.org/10.1179/isr.1995.20.2.141

[2] Pierorazio, A., Cherolis, N.E., Lowak, M. et al. (2022). Assessment of Damage to Structures and Equipment Resulting from Explosion, Fire, and Heat Events. J Fail. Anal. and Preven. 22, 139–153. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11668-021-01330-4

[3] Anderson, A., Ezekoye, O.A. (2018). Quantifying Generalized Residential Fire Risk Using Ensemble Fire Models with Survey and Physical Data. Fire Technoly, 54, 715–747. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10694-018-0709-z

[4] Manzoor, T., Bhat, J. A., & Shah, A. H. (2024). Performance of geopolymer concrete at elevated temperature− A critical review. Construction and Building Materials, 420, 135578.

[5] Dauji, S., Kulkarni, A. (2021). Fire Resistance and Elevated Temperature in Reinforced Concrete Members: Research Needs for India. J. Inst. Eng. India Ser. A 102, 315–333. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40030-021-00513-4

[6] Johnson, W. H., & Parsons, W. H. (1944). Thermal expansion of concrete aggregate materials. Washington, DC, USA: US Government Printing Office, (p. 32).

[7] Phan, L. T., & Carino, N. J. (2002). Effects of test conditions and mixture proportions on behavior of high-strength concrete exposed to high temperatures. ACI Materials Journal, 99(1), 54-66.

[8] Cheng, F. P., Kodur, V. K. R., & Wang, T. C. (2004). Stress-strain curves for high strength concrete at elevated temperatures. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 16(1), 84-90.

[9] Lau, A., & Anson, M. (2006). Effect of high temperatures on high performance steel fibre reinforced concrete. Cement and concrete research, 36(9), 1698-1707.

[10] Ali, S. I. A., & Lublóy, E. (2022). Effect of elevated temperature on the magnetite and quartz concrete at different W/C ratios as nuclear shielding concretes. Nuclear Materials and Energy, 33, 101234.

[11] Malik, M., Bhattacharyya, S. K., & Barai, S. V. (2021). Microstructural changes in concrete: Postfire scenario. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering, 33(2), 04020462.

[12] Benjeddou, O., Katman, H. Y., Jedidi, M., & Mashaan, N. (2022). Experimental investigation of the high temperatures effects on self-compacting concrete properties. Buildings, 12(6), 729.

[13] Felicetti, R., Gambarova, P. G., & Bamonte, P. (2013). Thermal and mechanical properties of light‐weight concrete exposed to high temperature. Fire and Materials, 37(3), 200-216.

[14] Khan, M., Lao, J., Ahmad, M. R., & Dai, J. G. (2024). Influence of high temperatures on the mechanical and microstructural properties of hybrid steel-basalt fibers based ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC). Construction and Building Materials, 411, 134387.

[15] Wang, Y., Nejati, F., Edalatpanah, S. A., & Goudarzi Karim, R. (2024). Experimental study to compare the strength of concrete with different amounts of polypropylene fibers at high temperatures. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 8566.

[16] Wang, D., Luo, B., Deng, J., Feng, Q., Zhang, W., Deng, C., ... & Das, O. (2024). Optimized fire resistance of alkali-activated high-performance concrete by steel fiber. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 1-13.

[17] Adamczak-Bugno, A., Lipiec, S., Koteš, P., Bahleda, F., & Adamczak, J. (2024). Detection of Destructive Processes and Assessment of Deformations in PP-Modified Concrete in an Air-Dry State and Exposed to Fire Temperatures Using the Acoustic Emission Method, Numerical Analysis and Digital Image Correlation. Polymers, 16(8), 1161.

[18] Ali, M., Elsayed, M., Tayeh, B. A., Maglad, A. M., & El‐Azim, A. A. (2024). Effect of hybrid steel, polypropylene, polyvinyl alcohol, and jute fibers on the properties of ultra‐high performance fiber reinforced concrete exposed to elevated temperature. Structural Concrete, 25(1), 492-505.

[19] EN, B. S., (2011). 197-1, Cement-Part 1: Composition, specifications and conformity criteria for common cements. London: European Committee For Standardisation.

[20] Astm, A. S. T. M., (2014). Standard specification for silica fume used in cementitious mixtures. USA: West Conshohoken, PA, ASTM International.

[21] Standard, A. S. T. M., (2018). ASTM C33/C33M–18 Standard Specification for Concrete Aggregates. USA: West Conshohocken, PA.

[22] Afshin, H., Ahmadian, Mh. Kh., Emami, M., Alilo, Y., & Sharif, G. G. (2024). Evaluation of the use of micro recycled steel fibers in shotcrete used to stabilize surface and underground excavations. Civil & Project, 51-75. 10.22034/cpj.2024.453407.1273

[23] En, B. S. (2002). 12390-3, Testing hardened concrete-Part 3: Compressive strength of test specimens. London: British Standards Institution.

[24] Standard, A. S. T. M. (2010). Standard test method for static modulus of elasticity and poisson’s ratio of concrete in compression. ASTM Stand. C, 469.

[25] Ghannam, M. (2019). Proposed models for concrete thermal expansion with different aggregate types and saturation conditions. SN Applied Sciences, 1(5), 425.

[26] Malik, M., Bhattacharyya, S. K., & Barai, S. V. (2021). Thermal and mechanical properties of concrete and its constituents at elevated temperatures: A review. Construction and Building Materials, 270, 121398.

[27] Crook, D. N., & Murray, M. J. (1970). Regain of strength after firing of concrete. Magazine of Concrete Research, 22(72), 149-154.