Journal of Structural and Construction Engineering

Journal of Structural and Construction Engineering

Contribution of reinforcing bars on the cyclic performance of a curved RC shear wall: An experimental survey

Document Type : Original Article

Authors
Hatef Abdoos 1
Alireza Khaloo 2
1 Department of Civil Engineering, Sharif University of technology, Tehran, Iran
2 Department of Civil Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
10.22065/jsce.2024.449688.3376
Abstract
This paper presents the findings of an state-of-the-art experimental testing program aiming to assess how the longitudinal and transverse reinforcements do contribute on the cyclic response of a curved reinforced concrete shear wall (CRCSW). To fulfill the research objectives, a one-third scale specimen is designed and fabricated, which has been equipped with a large number of strain gauges. In total, 32 strain gauges are attached to the longitudinal and transverse reinforcing bars. The loading is applied within the eight phases up to the target displacement, and the maximum experienced strain values are then captured. Afterward, the peak strain values are plotted against the drift values to thoroughly track the strain profile of the specimen. A general decreasing trend is observed for the strain values along the height of the CRCSW. The onset of longitudinal rebar yielding was at drift ratio of 0.54% and bearing capacity of 90.86 kN. In addition, the contribution of the longitudinal reinforcements is more significant than those of transverse reinforcements. Due to the shear span ratio of 1.3 for the CRCSW, this observation is compatible with the contribution of reinforcing bars in squat RCSW. Moreover, owing to the eccentricity of the lateral loading with respect to the shear center of the section, a warping torsion is introduced, which magnifies the axial stress and strain values, especially at the vicinity of the wall tips, and in turn, it can expedite the yielding occurrence of the longitudinal reinforcing bars. Furthermore, the average maximum induced stress within the mid-portion of the wall’s cross-section ranged between 41% to 98% of the reinforcement’s yielding stress from the top to mid-height of the wall. For the transverse reinforcements, the mentioned values are respectively 48, 66, and 85% of the yielding stress across the base, middle, and top levels of the wall height.
Keywords
Experimental investigation
Curved RC shear wall
Cyclic response
Strain gauge
Warping torsion

Subjects

[1]     Khaloo, A. R., & Kafimosavi, M. (2007). Enhancement of flexural design of horizontally curved prestressed bridges. Journal of Bridge Engineering, 12(5), 585–590. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)1084-0702(2007)12:5(585)
[2]     Abdoos, H, Khaloo, A. R., & Foyouzat, M. A. (2020). On the out-of-plane dynamic response of horizontally curved beams resting on elastic foundation traversed by a moving mass. Journal of Sound and Vibration, 115397.
[3]     Foyouzat, M. A., Abdoos, H., Khaloo, A. R., & Mofid, M. (2022). In-plane vibration analysis of horizontally curved beams resting on visco-elastic foundation subjected to a moving mass. Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, 172, 109013.
[4]     Khaloo, A. R., Foyouzat, M. A., Abdoos, H., & Mofid, M. (2023). Axial force contribution to the out-of-plane response of horizontally curved beams under a moving mass excitation. Applied Mathematical Modelling, 115, 148–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apm.2022.10.047
[5]     Abdoos, Hatef, Foyouzat, M. A., & Khaloo, A. R. (2023). Parametric study on the dynamics of horizontally curved beams due to a moving inertial load considering the induced torsional moment. Journal of Structural and Construction Engineering. https://doi.org/10.22065/jsce.2023.368612.2964
[6]     Abdoos, Hatef, Khaloo, A., & Tabiee, M. (2024). An analytical investigation into the lateral load response of curved RC shear walls. The Structural Design of Tall and Special Buildings. https://doi.org/10.1002/TAL.2097
[7]     Abdoos, H, & Khaloo, A. R. (2024). Failure mechanism of a curved RC shear wall subjected to cyclic loading : Experimental findings. Engineering Structures, 304(February), 117703. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2024.117703
[8]     Shi, Q., & Wang, B. (2016). Simplified calculation of effective flange width for shear walls with flange. The Structural Design of Tall and Special Buildings, 25(12), 558–577.
[9]     Ni, X., & Cao, S. (2018). Shear lag analysis of I‐shaped structural members. The Structural Design of Tall and Special Buildings, 27(10), e1471.
[10]   Lu, N., & Li, W. (2020). Analytical Study on the Effective Flange Width for T-shaped Shear Walls. Periodica Polytechnica Civil Engineering, 64(1), 253–264.
 [11]  Tabiee, M., Abdoos, H., Khaloo, A., & Kavei, S. (2023). Effective width estimation of flanged reinforced concrete shear walls. The Structural Design of Tall and Special Buildings. https://doi.org/10.1002/TAL.2057
[12]   Khaloo, A., Abdoos, H., & Tabiee, M. (2021). A Novel Approach to the Parametric Study on the Effective Flange Width of Non-Rectangular Reinforced Concrete Shear Walls. Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials, 6(1), 138–161.
[13]   Zhang, Z. W., & Li, B. (2014). Evaluation of seismic performance of slender L-shaped and T-shaped RC structural walls. Proceedings of the 2nd European Conference on Earthquake Engineering and Seismology. Paper, 213.
[14]   Brueggen, B. L., French, C. E., & Sritharan, S. (2017). T-shaped RC structural walls subjected to multidirectional loading: test results and design recommendations. Journal of Structural Engineering, 143(7), 4017040.
[15]   Ma, J., & Li, B. (2018). Experimental and Analytical Studies on H-Shaped Reinforced Concrete Squat Walls. ACI Structural Journal, 115(2).
[16]   Hoult, R., & Beyer, K. (2021). RC U-shaped walls subjected to in-plane, diagonal, and torsional loading: New experimental findings. Engineering Structures, 233, 111873.
[17]   Tabiee, M., Abdoos, H., & Khaloo, A. (2023). Concurrent effects of the shear-lag and warping torsion on the performance of non-rectangular RC shear walls. Archives of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, 23(2), 138.
[18]   Hoult, R. D. (2019). Shear lag effects in reinforced concrete C-shaped walls. Journal of Structural Engineering, 145(3), 4018270.
[19]   Hoult, R. (2021). Torsional capacity of reinforced concrete U-shaped walls. Structures, 31, 190–204.
[20]   Palermo, D, Abdulridha, A., & Charette, M. (2007). FLANGE PARTICIPATION FOR SEISMIC DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE SHEAR WALLS.
[21]   Khaloo, A., Tabiee, M., & Abdoos, H. (2022). A Numerical Laboratory for Simulation of Flanged Reinforced Concrete Shear Walls. Journal of Numerical Methods in Civil Engineering, 6(3), 92–102.
[22]   Abdoos, Hatef, Khaloo, A., & Tabiee, M. (2023). Effective width estimation of L-shaped RC shear walls using EPR algorithm. Sharif Journal of Civil Engineering.
[23]   Khaloo, A R, Tabiee, M., & Abdoos, H. (2021a). Analytical study of distribution of shear lag-induced stress in non-rectangular reinforced concrete shear walls. 12th International Congress on Civil Engineering, Mashhad, Iran, 8.
[24]   Khaloo, A R, Tabiee, M., & Abdoos, H. (2021b). Shear lag effect on non-rectangular RC shear walls: a review of the literature. 7th International Congress on Civil Engineering, Architecture and Urban Development, Tehran, Iran, 11.
[25]   Goodsir, W. J. (1985). The design of coupled frame-wall structures for seismic actions.
[26]   Thomsen, J. H., & Wallace, J. W. (1995). Displacement-based design of RC structural walls: an experimental investigation of walls with rectangular and T-shaped cross-sections. Clarkson University, Department of Civil Engineering.
[27]   Choi, C.-S., Ha, S.-S., Lee, L.-H., Oh, Y.-H., & Yun, H.-D. (2004). Evaluation of deformation capacity for RC T-shaped cantilever walls. Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 8(03), 397–414.
[28]   Brueggen, B. L., French, C. E., & Sritharan, S. (2017). T-shaped RC structural walls subjected to multidirectional loading: test results and design recommendations. Journal of Structural Engineering, 143(7), 4017040.
[29]   Lan, W., Zhang, Z., & Li, B. (2017). Seismic performance of T-shaped steel-concrete composite structural walls subjected to loadings from different directions. Journal of Constructional Steel Research, 128, 7–18.
[30]   Almeida, J., Prodan, O., Rosso, A., & Beyer, K. (2017). Tests on thin reinforced concrete walls subjected to in-plane and out-of-plane cyclic loading. Earthquake Spectra, 33(1), 323–345.
[31]   Sittipunt, C., & Wood, S. L. (1993). Finite element analysis of reinforced concrete shear walls. Civil Engineering Studies SRS-584.
[32]   Ile, N., & Reynouard, J. M. (2005). Behaviour of U-shaped walls subjected to uniaxial and biaxial cyclic lateral loading. Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 9(1), 67–94.
[33]   Beyer, K., Dazio, A., & Priestley, M. J. N. (2008). Quasi-static cyclic tests of two U-shaped reinforced concrete walls. Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 12(7), 1023–1053.
[34]   Constantin, R., & Beyer, K. (2016). Behaviour of U-shaped RC walls under quasi-static cyclic diagonal loading. Engineering Structures, 106, 36–52.
[35]   Nakachi, T., Toda, T., & Tabata, K. (1996). Experimental study on deformation capacity of reinforced concrete core walls after flexural yielding. Young, 52, 71–79.
[36]   Hosaka, G., Funaki, H., Hosoya, H., & Imai, H. (2008). Experimental study on structural performance of RC shear wall with L shaped section. Proceedings, 14th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Beijing, China.
[37]   Inada, K., Chosa, K., Sato, H., Kono, S., & Watanabe, F. (2008). Seismic performance of RC L-shaped core structural walls. The 14th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering.
[38]   Li, W., & Li, Q. (2012). Seismic performance of l‐shaped rc shear wall subjected to cyclic loading. The Structural Design of Tall and Special Buildings, 21(12), 855–866.
[39]   Kono, S., Sakamoto, K., & Sakashita, M. (2011). Simulation of seismic load resistance of core-walls for tall buildings. Applied Mechanics and Materials, 82, 386–391.
[40]   Hasnalbant, M., & Eyyubov, C. (2016). The Effects of Cross Sectional Dimensions on the Behavior of L-Shaped RC Structural Members. Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture, 10, 1355–1363.
 [41]  Ma, J., & Li, B. (2017). Seismic behavior of L-shaped RC squat walls under various lateral loading directions. Journal of Earthquake Engineering, 23(3), 422–443.
[42]   Han, X., Chen, B., Ji, J., Xie, S., & Lu, H. (2019). Deformation limits of L‐shaped reinforced concrete shear walls: Experiment and evaluation. The Structural Design of Tall and Special Buildings, 28(13), e1627.
[43]   Kitada, Y., Akino, K., Terada, K., Aoyama, H., & Miller, A. (1997). Report on seismic shear wall international standard problem organized by OECD/NEA/CSNI.
[44]   Maruta, M., Suzuki, N., Miyashita, T., & Nishioka, T. (2000). Structural capacities of H-shaped RC core wall subjected to lateral load and torsion. Proceedings of the 12th WCEE. New Zealand: The New Zealand Society for Earthquake Engineering, 1028.
[45]   Krpan, P., & Collins, M. P. (1981). Predicting torsional response of thin-walled open RC members. Journal of the Structural Division, 107(6), 1107–1127.
[46]   Palermo, Daniel, Vecchio, F. J., & Solanki, H. (2002). Behavior of three-dimensional reinforced concrete shear walls. ACI Structural Journal, 99(1), 81–89.
[47]   Hosseini, S. A., Kheyroddin, A., & Mastali, M. (2019). An experimental investigation into the impacts of eccentric openings on the in-plane behavior of squat RC shear walls. Engineering Structures, 197, 109410.
[48]   Noor, F. A., & Boswell, L. F. (1992). Small scale modelling of concrete structures. CRC Press.
[49]   ASTM Standard A370-20. Standard Test Methods and Definitions for Mechanical Testing of Steel Products. (2020).
[50]   Li. X, Zhang J., Cao, W. (2020). Hysteretic behavior of high-strength concrete shear walls with high-strength steel bars:    Experimental study and modelling, Engineering Structures. 214, 110600.
[51]   Ma, S. Y. M., Bertero, V. V., & Popov, E. P. (1976). Experimental and analytical studies on the hysteretic behavior of reinforced concrete rectangular and T-beams. Earthquake Engineering Research Center, College of Engineering, University of California.
[52]   Hube, M. A., María, H. S., Arroyo, O., Vargas, A., Almeida, J., & López, M. (2020). Seismic performance of squat thin reinforced concrete walls for low-rise constructions. Earthquake Spectra, 36(3), 1074-1095.

  • Receive Date 23 March 2024
  • Revise Date 20 May 2024
  • Accept Date 21 June 2024