New empirical equations for estimation of land surface settlement ground surface settlement induced by circular tunnels excavations in cohesive soils with gene expression programming algorithm

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

1 Ph.D. Student, Department of Civil Engineering, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran

2 Assistant Professor, Department of Civil and Transportation, Isfahan University, Isfahan, Iran

3 Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran

Abstract

The present paper aimed to estimate the ground surface settlement induced by circular tunnel excavation in cohesive soils by considering the uncertainties of geometrical and geotechnical parameters. To this end, after numerical simulation of the tunnel based on the two-dimensional finite difference method in FLAC2D, the ground surface settlement profiles were analyzed using regression analysis (Gaussian equation). The effect of parametric changes of geometrical and geotechnical parameters on ground surface settlement has been studied based on dimensionless ratios including depth to tunnel diameter (C/D), soil strength (γD/Su) and soil stiffness (E/Su). The results showed that by increase in the C/D (increase of overburden pressure of the tunnel), the settlement increases. As γD/Su increases (soil weakening), the amount of settlement increases at a constant C/D and E/Su. The rate of change of settlement increase in γD/Su ratios occurs with more intensity than the increase in C/D. This indicates the greater impact of geotechnical parameters of the soil around the tunnel on surface settlement in comparison with geometric parameters. There is an inverse relationship between E/Su changes and surface settlement, and with increasing E/Su (soil stiffness), settlement decrease. Then, using the Gene Expression Programming (GEP) algorithm and forming a database containing of 1000 different simulations in terms of a combination of changes in C/D, γD/Su for constant E/Su (inputs) and Smax/H results (output), two new empirical equations were proposed as optimal empirical models for estimating the normalized ground surface settlement. The results of this study confirm that instead of measuring the time-consuming and complex conditions of ground surface settlement due to tunnel excavation on a real scale, soft calculations can be used to predict such features faster and more economically in tunnel excavation.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

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History

  • Receive Date: 09 August 2022
  • Revise Date: 09 October 2022
  • Accept Date: 13 October 2022

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