Experimental and numerical investigation of lateral interaction between buried polyethylene pipe and sandy soil subjected to strike-slip faulting

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

Department of Civil Engineering, Kermanshah Branch, Islamic Azad University, Kermanshah, Iran

Abstract

Buried pipelines are vital infrastructures and are mostly used to transport energy and other essential commodities. One of the most important seismic hazards on buried pipelines is movement of faults crossed by them. In general, pipeline can be simplified as a beam, while pipe-soil interaction can be represented by soil springs in the axial, horizontal and vertical direction. Although this method has been implemented previously by ASCE and ALA guidelines the specifications of these springs are not well-defined. In this study, a full-scale tests were carried out on polyethylene pipe buried in dense sandy soil (with 120.5 mm of diameter). The response of the system (such as displacements and reaction loads) were recorded during the tests. A computer program was developed to optimize the specifications of the equivalent springs using Python scripts in MATLAB and ABAQUS environments. In this way, the deformation of the pipe along its length would have the highest level of congruence with the experimental results. Using the proposed approach, the initial stiffness and maximum soil-pipe interaction force have been calculated and compared to the criteria recommended by ASCE and ALA standards. The results showed that the value of yield force capacity and stiffnesses for the soil lateral equivalent springs, provided by ASCE and ALA codes, are determined to be in a great value of error. For polyethylene pipe at the condition of strike-slip faulting, these values were too smaller than the values put forth by ASCE and ALA .

Keywords

Main Subjects


[1] Ariman, T., and Muleski, G. E., 1981, ‘‘A Review of Seismic Response of Buried Pipelines Under Seismic Excitations,’’ Earthquake Eng. Struct. Dyn.,9, pp. 133–151.
[2] Sun, S., 1979, ‘‘Earthquake Damage to Pipelines,’’Proceedings, 2nd U. S.National Conference on Earthquake Engineering, EERI, Stanford, pp. 61–67.
[3] Katayama, T., and Isoyama, R., 1980, ‘‘Damage to Buried Distribution Pipe-lines During the Miyagiken-Oki Earthquake,’’ PVP-Vol. 43, ASME, pp. 97–104.
[4] Satake, M., Kishino, Y., and Asano, T., 1982, ‘‘Consideration on EarthquakeResistance of Pipeline Buried in Non-Uniform Ground,’’Proceedings, 6thJapan Earthquake Engineering Symposium, Tokyo, pp. 1905–1912~in Japa-nese!.
[5] Kitaura, M., and Miyajima, M., 1996, ‘‘Geotechnical Aspects of the January17, 1995 Hyogoken-Nambu Earthquake: Damage to Water Supply Pipelines,’’Soils and Foundations, Special Issue, pp. 325–333.
[6] O’Rourke M.J. and Liu X., Response of  buried pipelines subjected to earthquake effect, MCEER, 1999.
[7] Liang, j., Sun, S.“Site Effects on Seismic Behaviour of Pipeline”, Pressure Vessel Tech., ASME, Vol. 122, pp 469-475, 2000.
[8] Trautmann, C. H., and O’Rourke, T. D., 1985, "Lateral Force Displacement Response of Buried Pipe, " Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 111(9), pp. 1077–1092. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9410(1985)111:9(1077)        
[9] Petak, W. J., and Elahi, S., 2001, "The Northridge Earthquake, USA and Its Economic and Social Impacts, " EuroConferenc on Global Change and Catastrophe Risk Management Earthquake Risks in Europe, IIASA, p. 28.
[10] O’Rourke, T. D., Jeon, S. S., Toprak, S., Cubrinovski, M., Hughes, M., Van Ballegooy, S., and Bouziou, D., 2014, "Earthquake Response of Underground Pipeline Networks in Christchurch, NZ, " Earthquake Spectra, 30(1), pp. 183–204. DOI: 10.1193/030413EQS062M
[11] O’Rourke, T. D., and Holzer, T. L., 1992, "The Loma Prieta, California, Earthquake of October 17, 1989--Marina District, " U.S. Geological Survey professional paper ; 1551-F, p. 215 p.
[12] Bruneau, M., Buckle, I., Chang, S., Flores, P., O’Rourke, T., Shinozuka, M., and Soong, T., 2000, The Chi-Chi, Taiwan, Earthquake of September 21, 1999: Reconnaissance Report, Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research (MCEER). ISSN: 1520-295X 
[13] Newmark, N. . M., and Rosenblueth, E., 1971, "Fundamental of Earthquake Engineering", Prentice-Hall Englewood.
[14] Newmark, N. . M., and Hall, W. J., 1975, "Pipeline Design to Resist Large Fault Displacement, ".Proceedings of U.S National Conference on Earthquake Engineering, PEER/Niees EERC Library, Michigan, pp. 416–425. 
[15] Kennedy, R. P., Chow, A. M., and Williamson, R. A., 1977, "Fault Movement Effects On Buried Oil Pipeline". ASCE Transp Eng J, 103, pp. 617–633.
[16] Wagner, D. A., Murff, J. D., Brennodden, H., and Sveggen, O., 1989, "Pipe-Soil Interaction Model, " Journal of Waterway, Port, Coastal, and Ocean Engineering, 115(2), pp. 205–220. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-950X(1989)115:2(205)
[17] Zhou, Z., and Murray, D. W., 1996, "Pipeline Beam Models Using Stiffness Property Deformation Relations, " Journal of Transportation Engineering, 122(2), pp. 164–172. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-947X(1996)122:2(164)
[18] YOSHIZAKI, K., O’Rourke, T. D., and HAMADA, M., 2003, "Large Scale Experiments Of Buried Steel Pipelines With Elbows Subjected To Permanent Ground Deformation, " STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING / EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING, 20(1), pp. 1s-11s. DOI: 10.2208/jsceseee.20.1s 
[19] Guo, P.J., Stolle, D.F.E. "Lateral Pipe-Soil Interaction in Sand with Reference to Scaleeffect", ASCEJ.GeotechnicalandGeo environmentalEng.Vol.131,No.3, pp 338-349, 2005.
[20] Abdoun, T. H., Ha, D., O’Rourke, M. J., Symans, M. D., O’Rourke, T. D., Palmer, M. C., and Stewart, H. E., 2009, "Factors Influencing the Behavior of Buried Pipelines Subjected to Earthquake Faulting, ". Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 29(3), pp. 415–427. DOI: 10.1016/j.soildyn.2008.04.006
[21] Abolmaali A, Kararam A. 2013.  "Nonlinear finite-element modeling analysis of soil-pipe interaction[J] ". International Journal of Geomechanics, ASCE, 13(3): 197-204. doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)GM.1943-5622.0000196
[22] Mohamed Almahakeri, M.ASCE; Amir Fam, M.ASCE; and Ian D. Moore, M.ASCE., " Experimental Investigation of Longitudinal Bending of Buried Steel Pipes Pulled through Dense Sand ", ASCE, Journal of Pipeline Systems Engineering and Practice ,Volume 5 Issue 2 - May 2014
[23] Rahman, M. A., and Taniyama, H., 2015, "Analysis of a Buried Pipeline Subjected to Fault Displacement: A DEM and FEM Study, " Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 71, pp. 49–62. DOI: 10.1016/j.soildyn.2015.01.011
[24] Zeng, X., Dong, F. fei, Xie, X. dong, and Du, G. feng, 2019, "A New Analytical Method of Strain and Deformation of Pipeline under Fault Movement, " International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping, 172(February), pp. 199–211. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpvp.2019.03.005
[25] S. Yimsiri, K. Soga, K. Yoshizaki, G. R. Dasari, and T. D. O’Rourke, “Lateral and upward soil-pipeline interactions in sand for deep embedment conditions, ”Journal of Geotechnical and Geo environmental Engineering, vol. 130,no. 8, pp. 830–842, 2004.
[26] Roudsari, M. T., Seif, M. A., and Jamshidi, K. H., 2013, "Numerical Study of Pipe-Soil Interaction Subjected to Strike-Slip Faulting, " ICPTT 2013, pp. 695–704. DOI: 10.1061/9780784413142.072
[27] Hosseini, M., and Tahamouli Roudsari, M., 2014, "Minimum Effective Length and Modified Criteria for Damage Evaluation of Continuous Buried Straight Steel Pipelines Subjected to Seismic Waves", Journal of Pipeline Systems Engineering and Practice, 6(4), p. 4014018. DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)PS.1949-1204.0000193
[28] ASCE, 1984, "Guidelines for the Seismic Design of Oil and Gas Pipeline Systems, American Society of Civil Engineers". (ASCE)-Committee on Gas and Liquid Fuel Lifeline. ISBN: 978-0-87262-428-3 
[29] ASTM D2487, 2011, ASTM D2487-11, "Standard Practice for Classification of Soils for Engineering " Purposes (Unified Soil Classification System), West Conshohocken, PA. DOI: 10.1520/D2487-11
[30] ASTM D-1556, 2015, ASTM D1556 / D1556M-15e1, " Standard Test Method for Density and Unit Weight of Soil in Place by Sand-Cone Method", ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA,. DOI: 10.1520/D1556_D1556M-15E01
[31] ASTM D 3080, 2011, "Standard Test Method for Direct Shear Test of Soils Under Consolidated Drained". DOI: 10.1520/D3080_D3080M-11
[32] ASTM D1557, 2012, ASTM D1557 , "Standard Test Method for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Modified Effor t", Pennsylvania, USA. DOI: 10.1520/D1557-12E01
[33] O’Rourke, M. J., and Liu. X. (2012), “Seismic Design of Buried and offshore Pipeline,” Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research (MCEER),  MCEER-12-MN04.
[34] American Lifelines Alliance, "Guidelines for the Design of Buried Steel Pipe". ASCE, 1984.
[35] Seismic Guidelines for Water Pipelines, "American Lifelines Alliance", 2001.
[36] Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research (MCEER) Monograph, "Seismic Design of Buried and offshore Pipeline", Michael J. O’Rourke and (Jack) X. Liu. November 28,2012. MCEER-12-MN04. 
[37] Multidisciplinary Center for Earthquake Engineering Research (MCEER) Monograph, "Response of Buried Pipelines Subject to Earthquake Effects", M. J. O’Rourke and X. Liu. MCEER Monograph No. 3. ISBN 0-9656682-3-1.
[38] Ashrafy, Tahamouli Roudsari, Hosseini. (2019), “A new formulation for establishing the lateral interaction between buried steel pipeline and sandy soil subjected to strike-slip faulting,” Journal of Pressure Vessel Technology. doi:10.1115/1.4044338.